Insurance forms that make no sense. Subscriptions that can’t be cancelled. A never-ending blizzard of automated notifications. In this update of a 2025 episode, Stephen Dubner discovers where all this sludge comes from — and how much it’s costing us.
SOURCES: •
Benjamin Handel, • professor of economics at UC Berkeley.
Neale Mahoney, • professor of economics at Stanford University.
Richard Thaler, • professor of economics at The University of Chicago.
RESOURCES: •
• " Selling Subscriptions, • " by Liran Einav, Ben Klopack, and Neale Mahoney (Stanford University, • 2023).
• " The ‘Enshittification’ of TikTok, • " by Cory Doctorow (WIRED, • 2023).
• " Dominated Options in Health Insurance Plans, • " by Chenyuan Liu and Justin Sydnor (American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, • 2022).
Nudge: The Final Edition, • by Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein (2021).
• " Frictions or Mental Gaps: What’s Behind the Information We (Don’t) Use and When Do We Care? • " by Benjamin Handel and Joshua Schwartzstein (Journal of Economic Perspectives, • 2018).
• " Adverse Selection and Switching Costs in Health Insurance Markets: When Nudging Hurts, • " by Benjamin Handel (National Bureau of Economic Research, • 2011).
EXTRAS: •
• " Sludge • ," series by Freakonomics Radio • (2025).
• " People Aren’t Dumb. The World Is Hard. (Update) • " by Freakonomics Radio • (2024).
• " All You Need is Nudge, • " by Freakonomics Radio • (2021).
• " How to Fix the Hot Mess of U.S. Healthcare, • " by Freakonomics Radio • (2021).
• " Should We Really Behave Like Economists Say We Do? • " by Freakonomics Radio • (2015).
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