Freakonomics Radio

650. The Doctor Won’t See You NowThe U.S. has a physician shortage, created in part by a century-old reform that shut down bad medical schools. But why haven’t we filled the gap? Why are some physicians so unhappy? And which is worse: a bad doctor or no doctor at all? SOURCES:Karen Clay • , professor of economics and public policy at Carnegie Mellon University. Rochelle Walensky • , physician-scientist and former director of the CDC. RESOURCES: • " Medical School Closures, Market Adjustment, and Mortality in the Flexner Report Era • ," by Karen Clay, Grant Miller, Margarita Portnykh, and Ethan Schmick (National Bureau of Economic Research, • 2025). • " Application Overload — A Call to Reduce the Burden of Applying to Medical School • ," by Rochelle Walensky and Loren Walensky (New England Journal of Medicine, • 2025). • " Challenges to the Future of a Robust Physician Workforce in the United States • ," by Rochelle Walensky and Nicole McCann (New England Journal of Medicine, • 2025). • " The first step to addressing the physician shortage • ," by Rochelle Walensky and Nicole McCann (STAT, • 2025). • " Physician Workforce: Projections, 2022-2037 • ," (National Center for Health Workforce Analysis, • 2024). • “ Projected Estimates of African American Medical Graduates of Closed Historically Black Medical Schools • ,” by Kendall Campbell, Irma Corral, Jhojana Infante Linares, and Dmitry Tumin ( JAMA Network, • 2020). • " Medical Education in the United States and Canada • ," by Abraham Flexner (The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, • 1910). EXTRAS: • " Is the Air Traffic Control System Broken? • " series by Freakonomics Radio • (2025). • " Are You Ready for the Elder Swell? • " by Freakonomics Radio • (2025). • " Are Private Equity Firms Plundering the U.S. Economy? • " by Freakonomics Radio • (2023). Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

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Is the World Ready for a Guaranteed Basic Income? (Update)A lot of jobs in the modern economy don’t pay a living wage, and some of those jobs may be wiped out by new technologies. So what’s to be done? We revisit an episode from 2016 for a potential solution. SOURCES:Erik Brynjolfsson • , professor of economics at Stanford University. Evelyn Forget • , professor of economics and community health sciences at the University of Manitoba. Sam Altman • , C.E.O. of OpenAI. Robert Gordon • , professor emeritus of economics at Northwestern University. Greger Larson • , professor of archeology at the University of Oxford. RESOURCES: • " Here's what a Sam Altman-backed basic income experiment found • ," by Megan Cerullo (CBS News, • 2024). Utopia for Realists, • by Rutger Bregman. The Correspondent (2016). The Second Machine Age, • by Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee (2014). • " The Town With No Poverty: Using Health Administration Data To Revisit Outcomes of a Canadian Guaranteed Annual Income Field Experiment • ," by Evelyn Forget ( Canadian Public Policy • , 2011). • " The Negative Income Tax and the Evolution of U.S. Welfare Policy • ," by Robert Moffitt ( Journal of Economic Perspectives, • 2003). Capitalism and Freedom • , by Milton Freidman (2002). • " Lesson from the Income Maintenance Experiments • ," (Federal Reserve Bank of Boston and The Brookings Institution • , 1986). Law, Legislation and Liberty, Volume 3: The Political Order of A Free People • , by Frederick Hayek (1981). • " Daniel Moynihan and President-elect Nixon: How charity didn't begin at home • ," by Peter Passell and Leonard Ross ( New York Times • , 1973). • " Income Maintenance Programs • ," ( Hearings Before The Subcommittee On Fiscal Policy Of The Joint Economic Committee Congress Of The United States • , 1968). EXTRAS: • " President Nixon Unveils the Family Assistance Program • ," (1969). • " Milton Friedman interview with William F Buckley Jr • .," • (1968). • " Martin Luther King Jr. advocates for Guaranteed Income at Stanford • ," • (1967). Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

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