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Överlevarna

One podcast - four themes: survivors of the Holocaust, the Palestinian Nakba, the second generation and Jewish Högalid. The podcast’s various projects have been funded by, among others Statens Kulturråd, Palmefonden, Victoria AB, Kungl. Patriotiska Sällskapet, Helge Ax:son Johnson Stiftelse, Annika och Gabriel Urwitz ´´Stiftelse, Samfundet S:t Erik, Lind & Co, Ordfront and private donors.

1947 
"Four Jewish men came to the village: Simcha, Meir, David, and Shmuel. They wanted to buy our land. Some agreed to sell, others refused. The men began to cultivate the land and set up a cart to stay overnight. When they weren't there, we went and stole their harvest. They continued their farming for a couple of years. At that time, it was not allowed for girls to go to school. It was considered a sin. But if I had the chance, I would have gone. In any case, I had no time. I worked in agriculture all day; we grew corn, tomatoes, wheat, and almonds. We took care of everything and stored it at home. My father was no longer alive, so I worked with my uncle and his family. I married my cousin when I was twelve; he was seventeen or eighteen. I didn't understand the meaning of marriage. I wasn't allowed to meet my future husband in advance. He came to pick me up early in the morning on his camel. The whole village followed us to his house. Then we had lunch together. We received sweets as gifts; that was all."
1949 
"The Jews attacked Iraq al-Manshiyya from one side of the village. They killed some Sudanese soldiers from the Egyptian army. The Jews arrested the entire Daita family and three or four other families and took them to Taita, an area on the other side of the village. My family and I were taken to a large house that belonged to the village mukhtar. The Jews had occupied the roof, where they had a view of the main road between Fallujah and Bayt Jibrin. When an Egyptian tank approached the village, they started shouting 'The Egyptians are coming, the Egyptians are coming,' and then fled. One of the young men from the village chased after the Jews, but after a while, he was shot and killed. The Egyptian army came to our rescue, and we were able to return to our house. Some Jewish soldiers had been injured and captured. They were handed over to the Egyptian army. I don't know what happened to them. Then the Jews returned and besieged us and the Egyptian forces for about half a year. We baked bread and cooked for the Egyptian soldiers. The firewood ran out, so we had to start using the wood from our houses. Eventually, the Egyptian army surrendered. Then the Israelis forced everyone to leave their homes. It went relatively peacefully. My cousin, Mohammad Mahdi, was shot on the road. We were banished to the other side of the main road, where we had to live in a house with some other families. No one was allowed to return to the village. If anyone did, they were shot on the spot. After three months, we were picked up in trucks; I don't know whether they were Jordanians or Egyptians. We were taken to Tarqumia, north of al-Khalil."
Reflection 
"Every night I dream about my home village; I remember the names of everyone who owned the land. One day in Iraq al-Manshiyya is better than a year here in the camp."

Nakba #61 - Zakia Islam Nofal Al-Badawi

#64 Zakia Islam Nofal Al-Badawi by Överlevarna

#64 Zakia Islam Nofal Al-Badawi

En bandinspelning som min pappa, Arthur Hermele, gjorde från min bror, Kenneths z"l, bar mitzvah-fest, 1961. Som jag minns det var det på Hollandersalen, Judiska Centret, Nybrogatan 19.
Under kvällen blandas jiddisch med svenska och hebreiska. De flesta talarna skålar med ett ”lechaim”. Pappa väljer dock ”ett svenskt fyrfaldig leve”.
Fotograferade gjorde Anna Riwkin, först familjen i studion, sedan på festen.
Personerna i den ordning de hörs på bandet:
00.00 Jacques Fränkel, ”vicevärd”
02.00 Arthur Hermele
Musik
07.20 Zeev Tapoohi, rabbin i Söder-shul
21.00 A. Schönkopf
23.00 Sång o musik
25.00 August Orve, rektor på Hillelskolan
39.40 Herman Nissalowitz
50:50 Heinz Säbel
59:05 Bertil Schönkopf
1.02:50 Sång och musik
1.05:45 Jacques Fränkel
1.11.25 Ingvar Haskel läser upp telegram
1.16.35 Kenneth håller tal först på hebreiska, sedan på svenska
1.25.15 Sång
1.26.40 Theo Soback tackar för maten
1.33.50 Kenneth leder bordsbönen
1.44.35 Piano
***
1.45.00 Inspelning av Kenneth när han läser upp sin haftara.

Det judiska Högalid #38 - Kenneths bar mitzva 1961

- Jag är född Leif Zernjaffsky 1939 på sommaren, vilket jag också hette när jag började i Sofia Folkskola på söder. Men sen förkortade familjen namnet på ett ganska typiskt sätt. Det blev alltid fel när folk skulle skriva ner vad man hette. Det blev Tjarnovski och allt möjligt konstigt, säger Leif Zern.
- När jag var fem år minns jag att mamma hade tagit med mig ut till Vitabergsparken. Hon stod och pratade med en massa tanter där. Då hörde jag att de pratade om att Hitler var död. Och de var så glada, säger Leif Zern.

Det judiska Högalid #37 - Leif Zern

Vid 1800-talets slut hade cirka 400 öst-judar invandrat till Sverige. Många bosatte sig på Söder, där det fanns många nedgångna och därmed billiga hyreslägenheter. Fattigt folk bytte ofta bostad, ibland två gånger per år. Ibland flyttade man innan sista hyran hade betalats.
- Fastighetsägarna inrättade därför en ”Svart bok” över oönskade hyresgäster. Oftast handlade det om obetalda hyror, men ibland antecknades det att personen var ”jude”, ”schackrare” eller ”polsk jude”. Det kunde räcka för att hamna i Svarta boken, säger Håkan Forsell, professor i stadshistoria vid Stockholms universitet.

Det judiska Högalid #36 - Håkan Forsell

Apropå förra veckans avsnitt med Leif Freilich har jag grävt fram en av min pappas gamla bandinspelningar. Pappa hade köpt en Grundig bandspelare, med ett grönt magiskt inspelningsöga, någon gång 1956. Han gillade att göra inspelningar med oss i den övriga familjen, gärna i hemlighet för att få till spontana samtal.
Här testar han att, mer eller mindre i smyg, spela in mina farföräldrar, Josef och Sabina Hermele och Leif Freilichs föräldrar, Ala och Jakob Freilich. Freilich. Vi bodde grannar och mamma och Ala var bästisar.
Under samtalet blandas röster, språk och dialekter; mammas litvish jiddisch med de övrigas poylish samt pappas tyska, uppblandat med lite svenska här och där. Inspelningen är gjord i vår lägenhet på Lindvallsplan 4.
Personerna, i ordningsföljd:
Pappa Arthur Hermele, född i Berlin, Tyskland
Farfar Josef Hermele, född i Mielec, Polen
Mamma Perla Hermele, född i Suwalki, Polen
Farmor Sabina Hermele, född i Sędziszów, Polen
Ala Freilich, född i Lowicz, Polen
Jakob Freilich, född i Sawina, Polen
00.00-02.00
Innan inspelningen börjar har pappa, spelat upp en tidigare inspelning som han gjort med Kenneth och mig. Han frågar nu ut farfar om han kunde känna igen våra röster. (Kom ihåg att 1956 var bandspelaren en nymodighet!) Farfar svara jakande, men lägger till att en kappa till mamma hade varit bättre, än att lägga pengarna på en bandspelare. Mamma instämmer i detta.
02.00–03.50
Farmor kommer in i samtalet och blandar jiddisch med lite svenska; ”ordning!”. Mamma lägger upp taktiken för hur inspelningen ska hemlighållas för grannarna Freilich, som är i antågande.
03.50-04.40
Ala och Jakob Freilich anländer och samtalet böljar fram och tillbaka.
04.40-05.50
Ala upptäcker bandspelaren och mamma förklarar att det är ”unzer bandinspelare”. Ala tar ordet, Jakob och farfar flikar in.
05-50-07.40
Mot slutet av inspelningen berättar Jakob Freilich följande historia till övrigas hörbara förtjusning:
”Ger Chasid (en rabbin från en känd, ultraortodox dynasti, min anm.) kom till Lodz. Polisen stoppade trafiken. Flera tusen ville röra vid honom. Det gick ju inte, så de stod i en rad. Den som var närmast Chasiden rörde vid honom. Alla andra stod bakom varandra i en rad och vidrörde den person som stod närmast. På så vis kunde alla säga att de vidrört Chasiden.”
07.40-08.00
Farmor: - (på svenska) Nej, nej, jag ska inte tala.
Ala: brister ut i sång.

Det judiska Högalid #35 - Här talas jiddisch!

In 1946 I was working at the King David Hotel in al-Quds when the Irgun carried out a bombing against the southern wing. The British military had its headquarters there. I was in the hotel dining room, far from the explosion, and was unharmed. After the attack, all the guests disappeared and those of us who worked at the hotel were dismissed.
I then joined Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni’s resistance movement, Jaysh al-Inqadh al-‘Arabi. They sent me to a training camp in Syria. I was given a uniform and weapons. I took part in the fighting around the Palestinian village of al-Qastal and was standing beside our leader when he was killed. We took his body to al-Quds, where he was buried next to his father in the mausoleum of the Khatuniyya Madrasa. It is located by the al-Aqsa Mosque. There was a large crowd at the funeral.
When the British withdrew from Palestine, they left all the weapons and equipment to the Jews. After that, the Jewish Zionists carried out the massacre in Dayr Yasin.

Nakba #60 - Mohamed Mahmoud Gadallah

- Pappa fick en stroke och blev delvis förlamad när han var 73. Till slut blev det för tungt för mamma. Pappa kom till Rosenlunds sjukhus, där han låg länge innan han gick bort, säger Leif Freilich.
Hade pappa kvar talet?
- På sjukhuset sa han ett ord som jag fattade: aheim. Han ville hem därifrån.
Vad svarade du?
- Vad skulle jag säga? Det var jobbigt.

Det judiska Högalid #34 - Leif Freilich

1948
“My father had binoculars that I was allowed to borrow. Through them I could see how the Zionists burned down the Bedouins’ tents on the outskirts of Ṭabariyya (Tiberias). Some of the Bedouins died, others fled. Then the Zionists advanced into Ṭabariyya.
They fired at our house. We had only old pistols and knives and a single automatic weapon to defend ourselves against their modern weapons. Fifteen soldiers from al-Urdunn (Jordan) came to our aid. But the Zionists blew up their headquarters and the soldiers fled. The next day I went out to see what was left. Everything lay in ruins. I discovered a body in the rubble. It was George, who had been guarding the headquarters. The following day his family came asking for him.
The situation became too dangerous. We fled and took shelter in a classroom in a girls’ school. Mother gave us potatoes to eat. Then a bullet went through the window and hit the wall on the other side of the classroom. Luckily, everyone was safe because we were sitting on the floor eating.
Gradually the Zionists began shelling Ṭabariyya with artillery; the entire school shook. On one occasion a teapot filled with boiling tea fell to the floor and burned my foot. I still carry the scar today.
My parents decided that we should leave the school and make our way to the town center, 1.5 km away. My older brother carried me on his shoulders. British soldiers and some priests offered to evacuate everyone to al-Nasira (Nazareth). They brought buses.
Samcha, a Jewish settler from Kiryat Gat, came riding his horse to our village. He told us that we could stay in the village and that we would continue living together in peace. The villagers told him that this was our land and that the Jews should leave Palestine. Samcha insisted, but he was attacked and forced to flee.
Shortly afterwards Haganah began shelling us, especially at night. It was impossible to sleep. The Jews also received help from British soldiers. Eventually we were forced to leave the village. We took what we could on a horse, a camel, and a donkey. It was my grandfather, my father, my two uncles, and me. In total we were 20 family members who were forced to flee.
We went to Thkrein, a neighboring village seven kilometers to the east. Then we continued to Bayt Jibrin, at the foot of Jabal al-Khalil (the Hebron hills). It was already overcrowded with refugees sitting on the ground under the olive trees. We had only been in Bayt Jibrin for ten days when the Jews began attacking us. We moved further up to the next village, Idhna, higher up in Jabal al-Khalil. There we and many other families had to live in a barn together with cows. It was terribly cramped; there was no water, no toilets. We lived in the barn for three months. Then we were attacked by the Israelis. It had begun to snow and we did not even have shoes when we fled higher up to the village of Taffuh. There were old underground caves where we could take shelter. After three months in the caves, we went to the UN camp Fawwar. It took us a day to get there.
In the camp we lived in tents. When it rained, water leaked in. When it snowed, the tents collapsed under the weight. We had no firewood. It was a very hard life.”
Israel allowed us to visit our village Summayl. We rented a bus and went there. The houses were still standing. We sat down in front of our house and cried. Later the Israelis destroyed our house.”
2022
“UNRWA helps us with food and firewood here in the camp. But many are unemployed; we have no money.”
Reflection
“I pray to God that we will defeat the Israelis and the Americans. We have been killed by American weapons.”

Nakba #59 - Hassan Ibrahim al-Najjar

I avsnitt #31 av Det judiska Högalid berättade Herbert Trus att hans far, Lejb Trus, anslöt sig till partisanerna i skogarna utanför Bransk, efter den tyska ockupationen av delar av Polen, 1939.
Historien fortsätter så här:
Där lärde Lejb känna en annan partisan, Josel Broide. De blev vänner för livet.
Efter kriget utvandrade Josel till Buenos Aires, Argentina. Lejb och Josel fortsatte att hålla kontakten brevledes. När Josel blev blind skickade han i stället den här kassetten på jiddisch till Lejb, någon gång i början av 1980-talet.
I veckans avsnitt får du lyssna till Josels kassettbrev på jiddisch, till Lejb Trus. 
Mina kunskaper i jiddisch är rudimentära, men jag älskar att lyssna till Josels röst.
Varför?
Orden talar till hjärnan, rösten till hjärtat. Rösten är personlig, den har sitt tonläge, sina pauseringar, darrningar, osäkerheter och sin rytm. Kort sagt, vi kan höra Josels känslor av sorg, stolthet, tvekan och glädje, genom tid och rum.
Josel och Lejb lever inte längre, men de har levat, vilket denna inspelning är en påminnelse om.

Lite bakgrund:
Lejbs far, Alter Trus, skrev ner sina minnen i Bransk Yizkor Book, där han bland annat beskriver partisanernas motståndskamp:
”The first order of business which the Bransk group consists of destroying the telephone connections which were located on the Bransk Tchekhenoftse road. This was the direct line to the front at Warsaw. In one night the telephone wires on this road were cut in several places. The poles for a distance of 2 kilometers were torn down. The entire Bransk group of partians participated in this. At the same time a combat unit is set up as well as family camp.
At a meeting it is decided to hand down the death sentence to Koshak, a Pole and the betrayer and Jew murderer.. The armed men are given the job of carrying out this order. Among them Mulje Kleinot an Josel Broide.”

Det judiska Högalid #36 - Håkan Forsell

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