In her book, Rumbles, medical historian Elsa Richardson explores the history of the human gut. She talks with Steve about dubious medical practices, gruesome tales of survival, and the things that medieval doctors may have gotten right.

SOURCE:Elsa Richardson • , medical historian at the University of Strathclyde.

RESOURCES:Rumbles: A Curious History of the Gut: The Secret Story of the Body's Most Fascinating Organ • , by Elsa Richardson (2024). Michael Levitt retirement speech • (2024). • " Was There Really a Hawthorne Effect at the Hawthorne Plant? An Analysis of the Original Illumination Experiments • ," by Steven D. Levitt and John A. List ( NBER Working Paper, • 2009). • " Floating Stools — Flatus versus Fat • ," by Michael D. Levitt and William C. Duane ( The New England Journal of Medicine, • 1972). • " Factors Influencing Pulmonary Methane Excretion in Man • ," by John H. Bond, Rolf R. Engel, and Michael D. Levitt ( Journal of Experimental Medicine, • 1971). The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, • by Charles Darwin (1872). The Levitt Lab Founding School Leader • , job listing. The Levitt Lab • , information page.

EXTRAS: • " An Update on the Khan World School • ," by People I (Mostly) Admire • (2023). • “ Is This the Future of High School? • ” by People I (Mostly) Admire • (2022). • “ Sal Khan: ‘If It Works for 15 Cousins, It Could Work for a Billion People • ,'” by People I (Mostly) Admire • (2021). • " The Power of Poop • ," by Freakonomics Radio • (2011).