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Lex Fridman

Conversations about science, technology, history, philosophy and the nature of intelligence, consciousness, love, and power. Lex is an AI researcher at MIT and beyond.

Lex Fridman Podcast

Jack Weatherford is an anthropologist and historian specializing in Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep476-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/jack-weatherford-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
Jack's Books: https://amzn.to/3ISziZr
Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World: https://amzn.to/4l45LsY
The Secret History of the Mongol Queens: https://amzn.to/4l22uud
Genghis Khan and the Quest for God: https://amzn.to/4fpOQA4
Emperor of the Seas: Kublai Khan and the Making of China: https://amzn.to/40JEll1

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Allio Capital: AI-powered investment app that uses global macroeconomic trends.
Go to https://alliocapital.com/
ZocDoc: App that helps patients find healthcare providers.
Go to https://zocdoc.com/lex
Fin: AI agent for customer service.
Go to https://fin.ai/lex
Oracle: Cloud infrastructure.
Go to https://oracle.com/lex
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
Go to https://shopify.com/lex
MasterClass: Online classes from world-class experts.
Go to https://masterclass.com/lexpod
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex

OUTLINE:
(00:00) - Introduction
(00:44) - Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(10:44) - Origin story of Genghis Khan
(52:30) - Early battles & conquests
(1:05:11) - Power
(1:07:33) - Secret History
(1:20:58) - Mongolian steppe
(1:24:16) - Mounted archery and horse-riding
(1:32:36) - Genghis Khan's army
(1:48:49) - Military tactics and strategy
(2:01:13) - Wars of conquest
(2:05:37) - Dan Carlin
(2:15:37) - Religious freedom
(2:31:24) - Trade and the Silk Road
(2:40:10) - Weapons innovation
(2:41:40) - Kublai Khan and conquering China
(3:23:31) - Fall of the Mongol Empire
(3:50:26) - Genetic legacy
(4:00:20) - Lessons from Genghis Khan
(4:10:36) - Human nature
(4:13:47) - Visiting Mongolia
(4:33:15) - Lex: Dan Carlin
(4:36:06) - Lex: Gaza

PODCAST LINKS:
- Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
- Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
- Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
- RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
- Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
- Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

#476 – Jack Weatherford: Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire

Demis Hassabis is the CEO of Google DeepMind and Nobel Prize winner for his groundbreaking work in protein structure prediction using AI.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep475-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/demis-hassabis-2-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
Demis's X: https://x.com/demishassabis
DeepMind's X: https://x.com/GoogleDeepMind
DeepMind's Instagram: https://instagram.com/GoogleDeepMind
DeepMind's Website: https://deepmind.google/
Gemini's Website: https://gemini.google.com/
Isomorphic Labs: https://isomorphiclabs.com/
The MANIAC (book): https://amzn.to/4lOXJ81
Life Ascending (book): https://amzn.to/3AhUP7z

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Hampton: Community for high-growth founders and CEOs.
Go to https://joinhampton.com/lex
Fin: AI agent for customer service.
Go to https://fin.ai/lex
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
Go to https://shopify.com/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex
AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drink.
Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex

OUTLINE:
(00:00) - Introduction
(00:29) - Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(08:40) - Learnable patterns in nature
(12:22) - Computation and P vs NP
(21:00) - Veo 3 and understanding reality
(25:24) - Video games
(37:26) - AlphaEvolve
(43:27) - AI research
(47:51) - Simulating a biological organism
(52:34) - Origin of life
(58:49) - Path to AGI
(1:09:35) - Scaling laws
(1:12:51) - Compute
(1:15:38) - Future of energy
(1:19:34) - Human nature
(1:24:28) - Google and the race to AGI
(1:42:27) - Competition and AI talent
(1:49:01) - Future of programming
(1:55:27) - John von Neumann
(2:04:41) - p(doom)
(2:09:24) - Humanity
(2:12:30) - Consciousness and quantum computation
(2:18:40) - David Foster Wallace
(2:25:54) - Education and research

PODCAST LINKS:
- Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
- Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
- Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
- RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
- Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
- Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

#475 – Demis Hassabis: Future of AI, Simulating Reality, Physics and Video Games

David Heinemeier Hansson (aka DHH) is a legendary programmer, creator of Ruby on Rails, co-owner & CTO of 37signals that created Basecamp, HEY, & ONCE, and is a NYT-best-selling author (with Jason Fried) of 4 books: REWORK, REMOTE, Getting Real, and It Doesn't Have To Be Crazy At Work. He is also a race car driver, including a class-winning performance at the 24 hour Le Mans race.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep474-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/dhh-david-heinemeier-hansson-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
DHH's X: https://x.com/dhh
DHH's Website: https://dhh.dk/
Ruby on Rails: https://rubyonrails.org/
37signals: https://37signals.com/

DHH's books:
Rework: https://amzn.to/44rSKob
Remote: https://amzn.to/44GFJ91
It Doesn't Have to Be Crazy at Work: https://amzn.to/46bzuwx
Getting Real: https://amzn.to/4kzoMDg

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
UPLIFT Desk: Standing desks and office ergonomics.
Go to https://upliftdesk.com/lex
Lindy: No-code AI agent builder.
Go to https://go.lindy.ai/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
Go to https://shopify.com/lex
NetSuite: Business management software.
Go to http://netsuite.com/lex

OUTLINE:
(00:00) - Introduction
(00:58) - Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(08:48) - Programming - early days
(26:13) - JavaScript
(36:32) - Google Chrome and DOJ
(44:19) - Ruby programming language
(51:30) - Beautiful code
(1:09:31) - Metaprogramming
(1:12:52) - Dynamic typing
(1:20:10) - Scaling
(1:33:03) - Future of programming
(1:50:34) - Future of AI
(1:56:29) - Vibe coding
(2:05:01) - Rails manifesto: Principles of a great programming language
(2:29:27) - Why managers are useless
(2:38:48) - Small teams
(2:44:55) - Jeff Bezos
(3:00:13) - Why meetings are toxic
(3:07:58) - Case against retirement
(3:15:15) - Hard work
(3:20:53) - Why we left the cloud
(3:24:04) - AWS
(3:33:22) - Owning your own servers
(3:39:35) - Elon Musk
(3:49:17) - Apple
(4:01:03) - Tim Sweeney
(4:12:37) - Fatherhood
(4:38:19) - Racing
(5:05:23) - Cars
(5:10:41) - Programming setup
(5:25:51) - Programming language for beginners
(5:39:09) - Open source
(5:48:01) - WordPress drama
(5:59:18) - Money and happiness
(6:08:11) - Hope

#474 – DHH: Future of Programming, AI, Ruby on Rails, Productivity & Parenting

Debate on Iran war between Scott Horton and Mark Dubowitz. Scott Horton is the author and director of the Libertarian Institute, editorial director of Antiwar.com, host of The Scott Horton Show, and for the past three decades, a staunch critic of U.S. foreign policy and military interventionism. Mark Dubowitz is the chief executive of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, host of the Iran Breakdown podcast, and a leading expert on Iran and its nuclear program for over 20 years. This debate was recorded on Tuesday, June 24, after the Iran-Israel ceasefire was declared.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep473-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/iran-israel-debate-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
Mark's X: https://x.com/mdubowitz
Mark's Podcast: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLmEsAFBNkqsMQnt5pypwEX0ul0NyIjd3E
The Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD): https://www.fdd.org/

Scott's X: https://x.com/scotthortonshow
Scott's YouTube: https://youtube.com/@scotthortonshow
Scott's Podcast: https://www.scotthortonshow.com/
Scott's Website: https://scotthorton.org/
Scott's Books: https://amzn.to/3T9Qg7y
The Libertarian Institute: https://libertarianinstitute.org/
Antiwar.com: https://antiwar.com/

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Hampton: Community for high-growth founders and CEOs.
Go to https://joinhampton.com/lex
Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration.
Go to https://notion.com/lex
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
Go to https://shopify.com/lex
Oracle: Cloud infrastructure.
Go to https://oracle.com/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex

OUTLINE:
(00:00) - Introduction
(00:36) - Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(08:02) - Iran-Israel War
(16:45) - Iran's Nuclear Program
(48:37) - Nuclear weapons and uranium
(1:00:40) - Nuclear deal
(1:26:14) - Iran Nuclear Archive
(1:48:50) - Best case and worst case near-term future
(2:24:15) - US attack on Iran - Operation Midnight Hammer
(2:47:48) - Nuclear proliferation in the future
(3:08:46) - Libertarianism
(3:21:35) - Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD)
(3:37:10) - Trump and Peacemaking process
(3:42:08) - WW2
(3:55:08) - WW3

#473 – Iran War Debate: Nuclear Weapons, Trump, Peace, Power & the Middle East

Terence Tao is widely considered to be one of the greatest mathematicians in history. He won the Fields Medal and the Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics, and has contributed to a wide range of fields from fluid dynamics with Navier-Stokes equations to mathematical physics & quantum mechanics, prime numbers & analytics number theory, harmonic analysis, compressed sensing, random matrix theory, combinatorics, and progress on many of the hardest problems in the history of mathematics.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep472-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/terence-tao-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
Terence's Blog: https://terrytao.wordpress.com/
Terence's YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@TerenceTao27
Terence's Books: https://amzn.to/43H9Aiq

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration.
Go to https://notion.com/lex
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
Go to https://shopify.com/lex
NetSuite: Business management software.
Go to http://netsuite.com/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex
AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drink.
Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex

OUTLINE:
(00:00) - Introduction
(00:36) - Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(09:49) - First hard problem
(15:16) - Navier–Stokes singularity
(35:25) - Game of life
(42:00) - Infinity
(47:07) - Math vs Physics
(53:26) - Nature of reality
(1:16:08) - Theory of everything
(1:22:09) - General relativity
(1:25:37) - Solving difficult problems
(1:29:00) - AI-assisted theorem proving
(1:41:50) - Lean programming language
(1:51:50) - DeepMind's AlphaProof
(1:56:45) - Human mathematicians vs AI
(2:06:37) - AI winning the Fields Medal
(2:13:47) - Grigori Perelman
(2:26:29) - Twin Prime Conjecture
(2:43:04) - Collatz conjecture
(2:49:50) - P = NP
(2:52:43) - Fields Medal
(3:00:18) - Andrew Wiles and Fermat's Last Theorem
(3:04:15) - Productivity
(3:06:54) - Advice for young people
(3:15:17) - The greatest mathematician of all time

PODCAST LINKS:
- Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
- Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
- Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
- RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
- Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
- Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

#472 – Terence Tao: Hardest Problems in Mathematics, Physics & the Future of AI

Sundar Pichai is CEO of Google and Alphabet.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep471-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/sundar-pichai-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
Sundar's X: https://x.com/sundarpichai
Sundar's Instagram: https://instagram.com/sundarpichai
Sundar's Blog: https://blog.google/authors/sundar-pichai/
Google Gemini: https://gemini.google.com/
Google's YouTube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@Google

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Tax Network USA: Full-service tax firm.
Go to https://tnusa.com/lex
BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling.
Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
Go to https://shopify.com/lex
AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drink.
Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex

OUTLINE:
(00:00) - Introduction
(00:07) - Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(07:55) - Growing up in India
(14:04) - Advice for young people
(15:46) - Styles of leadership
(20:07) - Impact of AI in human history
(32:17) - Veo 3 and future of video
(40:01) - Scaling laws
(43:46) - AGI and ASI
(50:11) - P(doom)
(57:02) - Toughest leadership decisions
(1:08:09) - AI mode vs Google Search
(1:21:00) - Google Chrome
(1:36:30) - Programming
(1:43:14) - Android
(1:48:27) - Questions for AGI
(1:53:42) - Future of humanity
(1:57:04) - Demo: Google Beam
(2:04:46) - Demo: Google XR Glasses
(2:07:31) - Biggest invention in human history

PODCAST LINKS:
- Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
- Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
- Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
- RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
- Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
- Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

#471 – Sundar Pichai: CEO of Google and Alphabet

James Holland is a historian specializing in World War II. He hosts a podcast called WW2 Pod: We Have Ways of Making You Talk.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep470-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/james-holland-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
James's Books: https://amzn.to/4caapmt
James's X: https://x.com/James1940
James's Instagram: https://instagram.com/jamesholland1940
James's Substack: https://james1940.substack.com
WW2 Pod (Podcast - Apple): https://apple.co/4l93Dl3
WW2 Pod (Podcast - YouTube): https://www.youtube.com/@wehaveways
WW2 Pod (Podcast - Spotify): https://open.spotify.com/show/34VlAepHmeloDD76RX4jtc
WW2 Pod (Podcast - X): https://x.com/WeHaveWaysPod

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
Go to https://shopify.com/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex
AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drink.
Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex
Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration.
Go to https://notion.com/lex

OUTLINE:
(00:00) - Introduction
(00:34) - Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(07:25) - World War II
(17:23) - Lebensraum and Hitler ideology
(24:36) - Operation Barbarossa
(40:49) - Hitler vs Europe
(1:02:35) - Joseph Goebbels
(1:12:29) - Hitler before WW2
(1:17:25) - Hitler vs Chamberlain
(1:39:31) - Invasion of Poland
(1:44:07) - Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
(1:52:09) - Winston Churchill
(2:16:09) - Most powerful military in WW2
(2:38:31) - Tanks
(2:48:30) - Battle of Stalingrad
(3:01:21) - Concentration camps
(3:10:53) - Battle of Normandy
(3:24:45) - Lessons from WW2

PODCAST LINKS:
- Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
- Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
- Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
- RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
- Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
- Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

#470 – James Holland: World War II, Hitler, Churchill, Stalin & Biggest Battles

Oliver Anthony is singer-songwriter who first gained worldwide fame with his viral hit Rich Men North of Richmond. He became a voice for many who are voiceless, with many of his songs speaking to the struggle of the working class in modern American life.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep469-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/oliver-anthony-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
Oliver's X: https://x.com/AintGottaDollar
Oliver's Instagram: https://instagram.com/oliver_anthony_music_
Oliver's YouTube: https://youtube.com/@oliveranthonymusic
Oliver's TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@oliveranthonymusic
Oliver's Website: https://oliveranthonymusic.com/
Oliver's FaceBook: https://facebook.com/OliverAnthonyMusicOfficial/
Oliver's Linktree: https://linktr.ee/oliveranthonymusic

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
MasterClass: Online classes from world-class experts.
Go to https://masterclass.com/lexpod
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
Go to https://shopify.com/lex
Oracle: Cloud infrastructure.
Go to https://oracle.com/lex
Tax Network USA: Full-service tax firm.
Go to https://tnusa.com/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex

OUTLINE:
(00:00) - Introduction
(09:00) - Open mics
(13:03) - Mainstream country music
(22:10) - Fame
(28:06) - Music vs politics
(36:56) - Rich Men North of Richmond
(47:06) - Popularity, money, and integrity
(1:01:54) - Blue-collar people
(1:13:57) - Depression
(1:38:50) - Nature
(2:01:26) - Three-legged cat
(2:09:57) - I Want to Go Home (live performance)
(2:13:36) - Guitar backstory
(2:17:58) - Playing live this year

PODCAST LINKS:
- Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
- Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
- Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
- RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
- Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
- Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

#469 – Oliver Anthony: Country Music, Blue-Collar America, Fame, Money, and Pain

Janna Levin is a theoretical physicist and cosmologist specializing in black holes, cosmology of extra dimensions, topology of the universe, and gravitational waves.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep468-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/janna-levin-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
Janna's X: https://x.com/JannaLevin
Janna's Website: https://jannalevin.com
Janna's Instagram: https://instagram.com/jannalevin
Janna's Substack: https://substack.com/@jannalevin
Black Hole Survival Guide (book): https://amzn.to/3YkJzT5
Black Hole Blues (book): https://amzn.to/42Nw7IE
How the Universe Got Its Spots (book): https://amzn.to/4m5De8k
A Madman Dreams of Turing Machines (book): https://amzn.to/3GGakvd

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Brain.fm: Music for focus.
Go to https://brain.fm/lex
BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling.
Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex
NetSuite: Business management software.
Go to http://netsuite.com/lex
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
Go to https://shopify.com/lex
AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drink.
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) - Introduction
(00:51) - Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(09:21) - Black holes
(16:55) - Formation of black holes
(27:45) - Oppenheimer and the Atomic Bomb
(34:08) - Inside the black hole
(47:10) - Supermassive black holes
(50:39) - Physics of spacetime
(53:42) - General relativity
(59:13) - Gravity
(1:15:47) - Information paradox
(1:24:17) - Fuzzballs & soft hair
(1:27:28) - ER = EPR
(1:34:07) - Firewall
(1:42:59) - Extra dimensions
(1:45:24) - Aliens
(2:01:00) - Wormholes
(2:11:57) - Dark matter and dark energy
(2:22:00) - Gravitational waves
(2:34:08) - Alan Turing and Kurt Godel
(2:46:23) - Grigori Perelman, Andrew Wiles, and Terence Tao
(2:52:58) - Art and science
(3:02:37) - The biggest mystery

PODCAST LINKS:
- Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
- Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
- Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
- RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
- Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
- Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

#468 – Janna Levin: Black Holes, Wormholes, Aliens, Paradoxes & Extra Dimensions

Tim Sweeney is a legendary video game programmer, founder and CEO of Epic Games that created the Unreal Engine, Fortnite, Gears of War, Unreal Tournament, and many other groundbreaking and influential video games.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep467-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/tim-sweeney-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
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Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
Tim's X: https://x.com/timsweeneyepic
Epic Games: https://epicgames.com/

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration.
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MasterClass: Online classes from world-class experts.
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AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drink.
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LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) - Introduction
(08:25) - 10,000 hours programming
(11:42) - Advice for young programmers
(19:54) - Video games in the 80s and 90s
(22:02) - Epic Games origin story
(34:40) - Indie game development
(40:34) - Unreal Engine
(1:06:30) - Technical details of Unreal Engine
(1:11:23) - Constructive solid geometry
(1:17:21) - Dynamic lighting
(1:21:51) - Volumetric fog
(1:25:19) - John Carmack
(1:27:05) - Evolution of Unreal Engine
(1:33:21) - Unreal Engine 5
(1:44:32) - Creating realistic humans
(1:53:41) - Lumen global illumination
(1:58:11) - Movies
(2:12:53) - Simulating reality
(2:25:08) - Metaverse
(2:27:44) - Fortnite
(2:31:40) - Scaling
(2:47:04) - Game economies
(2:48:33) - Standardizing the Metaverse
(2:56:46) - Verse programming language
(3:18:19) - Concurrency
(3:25:56) - Unreal Engine 6
(3:30:34) - Indie game developers
(3:33:32) - Apple
(3:48:12) - Epic Games Store
(4:11:03) - Future of gaming
(4:17:03) - Greatest games ever made
(4:22:39) - GTA 6 and Rockstar Games
(4:25:58) - Hope for the future

PODCAST LINKS:
- Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
- Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
- Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
- RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
- Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
- Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

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#467 – Tim Sweeney: Fortnite, Unreal Engine, and the Future of Gaming

Vijay Kumar is one of the top roboticists in the world, professor at the University of Pennsylvania, Dean of Penn Engineering, former director of GRASP lab, or the General Robotics, Automation, Sensing and Perception Laboratory at Penn that was established back in 1979, 40 years ago. Vijay is perhaps best known for his work in multi-robot systems (or robot swarms) and micro aerial vehicles, robots that elegantly cooperate in flight under all the uncertainty and challenges that real-world conditions present. This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast. If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to https://lexfridman.com/ai or connect with @lexfridman on Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, Medium, or YouTube where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on iTunes or support it on Patreon.

Vijay Kumar: Flying Robots

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