Quantum Computing: What, When, Where, How

with @danboneh @succinctJT @smc90

This episode is all about quantum computing -- what it is, how it works, what's hype vs. reality, and how to prepare for it/ what builders should do.

Specifically, we cover:

What • quantum computing is and isn't, and what people are really talking about when they worry about a quantum computer that can break cryptographic systems that are not secure against quantum attacks. When • is it happening/ what are the "timelines" for quantum computing becoming a reality -- or rather, when could we have a cryptographically relevant quantum computer -- how many years away are we? and when are the U.S. government's deadlines/ NIST standards • for post-quantum cryptography? How • will different types of cryptography be affected, or not? What are different approaches and tradeoffs? Where • does quantum computing and post-quantum crypto apply to blockchains -- which by and large rely on signatures, not encryption, so may be more quantum-resistant in many ways (and not in others)...

As always, we tease apart the signal vs. the noise in recent "science-by-press release" corporate quantum-computing milestone announcements. We also help answer questions on when do builders need to plan their switch to a post-quantum crypto world, what pitfalls to avoid there (hint: bugs! software upgrades!). Finally, we briefly cover different approaches to post-quantum crypto; and also dig deeper on zero-knowledge/ succinct-proof systems and how they relate to post-quantum crypto.

Our expert guests, in conversation with Sonal Chokshi, are:

Dan Boneh • , • Stanford University professor and applied cryptography expert and pioneer; also Senior Research Advisor to a16z crypto; Justin Thaler • , research partner at a16z, professor at Georgetown, and longtime expert and pioneer in interactive and ZK proof systems.

SEE ALSO: Post-quantum blockchains by Valeria Nikolaenko

more resources + papers on topics mentioned:

A Graduate Course in Applied Cryptography • by Dan Boneh and Victor Shoup [see also • ] Proofs, Arguments, and Zero-Knowledge • by Justin Thaler LatticeFold+: Faster, Simpler, Shorter Lattice-Based Folding for Succinct Proof Systems • by Dan Boneh and Binyi Chen Neo: Lattice-based folding scheme for CCS over small fields and pay-per-bit commitments • by Wilson Nguyen and Srinath Setty "Q-Day Clock" • from Project Eleven -- public dashboard to visually track timeline for quantum computing to reach cryptographically relevant capabilities and break widely used encryption algorithms on hard forks for quantum emergenciesQuantum analysis of AES • , Kyungbae Jang, Anubhab Baksi, Hyunji Kim, Gyeongju Song, Hwajeong Seo, Anupam Chattopadhyay The Google Willow Thing • by Scott Aaronson FAQs on Microsoft’s topological qubit thing • by Scott Aaronson Microsoft’s claim of a topological qubit faces tough questions • , American Physical Society

As a reminder, none of this is investment, business, legal, or tax advice; please see a16z.com/disclosures for more important information including a link to our investments.